Any view which analyzes a given subject-matter, be it the universe as a whole or merely some area of concern, in terms of exactly two fundamentally distinct and opposed ideas.
Reality may be divided into matter and spirit, a person into body and soul, propositions into analytic and synthetic, judgments into factual and evaluative, to name a few philosophically influential dualisms.
Opponents may say a given dualism is not sharp, or not exhaustive, or even does not exist at all.
Source:
A O Lovejoy, The Revolt against Dualism (1930); defends one kind of dualism
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